C# if statements and loops - conditional logic tutorial

This tutorial teaches you how to write C# code that examines variables and changes the execution path based on those variables. You write C# code and see the results of compiling and running it. The tutorial contains a series of lessons that explore branching and looping constructs in C#. These lessons teach you the fundamentals of the C# language.

Prerequisites

The tutorial expects that you have a machine set up for local development. See Set up your local environment for installation instructions and an overview of application development in .NET.

If you prefer to run the code without having to set up a local environment, see the interactive-in-browser version of this tutorial.

Make decisions using the if statement

Create a directory named branches-tutorial. Make that the current directory and run the following command:

dotnet new console -n BranchesAndLoops -o .

This command creates a new .NET console application in the current directory. Open Program.cs in your favorite editor, and replace the contents with the following code:

int a = 5;
int b = 6;
if (a + b > 10)
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10.");

Try this code by typing dotnet run in your console window. You should see the message "The answer is greater than 10." printed to your console. Modify the declaration of b so that the sum is less than 10:

int b = 3;

Type dotnet run again. Because the answer is less than 10, nothing is printed. The condition you're testing is false. You don't have any code to execute because you've only written one of the possible branches for an if statement: the true branch.

This first sample shows the power of if and Boolean types. A Boolean is a variable that can have one of two values: true or false. C# defines a special type, bool for Boolean variables. The if statement checks the value of a bool. When the value is true, the statement following the if executes. Otherwise, it's skipped. This process of checking conditions and executing statements based on those conditions is powerful.

Make if and else work together

To execute different code in both the true and false branches, you create an else branch that executes when the condition is false. Try an else branch. Add the last two lines in the code below (you should already have the first four):

int a = 5;
int b = 3;
if (a + b > 10)
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
else
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");

The statement following the else keyword executes only when the condition being tested is false. Combining if and else with Boolean conditions provides all the power you need to handle both a true and a false condition.

Because indentation isn't significant, you need to use { and } to indicate when you want more than one statement to be part of the block that executes conditionally. C# programmers typically use those braces on all if and else clauses. The following example is the same as the one you created. Modify your code above to match the following code:

int a = 5;
int b = 3;
if (a + b > 10)
{
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
}

You can test more complicated conditions. Add the following code after the code you've written so far:

int c = 4;
if ((a + b + c > 10) && (a == b))
{
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
    Console.WriteLine("And the first number is equal to the second");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
    Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is not equal to the second");
}

The == symbol tests for equality. Using == distinguishes the test for equality from assignment, which you saw in a = 5.

The && represents "and". It means both conditions must be true to execute the statement in the true branch. These examples also show that you can have multiple statements in each conditional branch, provided you enclose them in { and }. You can also use || to represent "or". Add the following code after what you've written so far:

if ((a + b + c > 10) || (a == b))
{
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
    Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is equal to the second");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
    Console.WriteLine("And the first number is not equal to the second");
}

Modify the values of a, b, and c and switch between && and || to explore. You'll gain more understanding of how the && and || operators work.

You've finished the first step. Before you start the next section, let's move the current code into a separate method. That makes it easier to start working with a new example. Put the existing code in a method called ExploreIf(). Call it from the top of your program. When you finished those changes, your code should look like the following:

ExploreIf();

void ExploreIf()
{
    int a = 5;
    int b = 3;
    if (a + b > 10)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
    }

    int c = 4;
    if ((a + b + c > 10) && (a > b))
    {
        Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
        Console.WriteLine("And the first number is greater than the second");
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
        Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is not greater than the second");
    }

    if ((a + b + c > 10) || (a > b))
    {
        Console.WriteLine("The answer is greater than 10");
        Console.WriteLine("Or the first number is greater than the second");
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine("The answer is not greater than 10");
        Console.WriteLine("And the first number is not greater than the second");
    }
}

Comment out the call to ExploreIf(). It will make the output less cluttered as you work in this section:

//ExploreIf();

The // starts a comment in C#. Comments are any text you want to keep in your source code but not execute as code. The compiler doesn't generate any executable code from comments.

Use loops to repeat operations

In this section, you use loops to repeat statements. Add this code after the call to ExploreIf:

int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Hello World! The counter is {counter}");
    counter++;
}

The while statement checks a condition and executes the statement or statement block following the while. It repeatedly checks the condition, executing those statements until the condition is false.

There's one other new operator in this example. The ++ after the counter variable is the increment operator. It adds 1 to the value of counter and stores that value in the counter variable.

The while loop tests the condition before executing the code following the while. The do ... while loop executes the code first, and then checks the condition. The do while loop is shown in the following code:

int counter = 0;
do
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Hello World! The counter is {counter}");
    counter++;
} while (counter < 10);

This do loop and the earlier while loop produce the same output.

Work with the for loop

The for loop is commonly used in C#. Try this code:

for (int index = 0; index < 10; index++)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Hello World! The index is {index}");
}

The previous code does the same work as the while loop and the do loop you've already used. The for statement has three parts that control how it works.

The first part is the for initializer: int index = 0; declares that index is the loop variable, and sets its initial value to 0.

The middle part is the for condition: index < 10 declares that this for loop continues to execute as long as the value of counter is less than 10.

The final part is the for iterator: index++ specifies how to modify the loop variable after executing the block following the for statement. Here, it specifies that index should be incremented by 1 each time the block executes.

Experiment yourself. Try each of the following variations:

• Change the initializer to start at a different value.
• Change the condition to stop at a different value.

When you're done, let's move on to write some code yourself to use what you've learned.

There's one other looping statement that isn't covered in this tutorial: the foreach statement. The foreach statement repeats its statement for every item in a sequence of items. It's most often used with collections, so it's covered in the next tutorial.

Created nested loops

A while, do, or for loop can be nested inside another loop to create a matrix using the combination of each item in the outer loop with each item in the inner loop. Let's do that to build a set of alphanumeric pairs to represent rows and columns.

One for loop can generate the rows:

for (int row = 1; row < 11; row++)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"The row is {row}");
}

Another loop can generate the columns:

for (char column = 'a'; column < 'k'; column++)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"The column is {column}");
}

You can nest one loop inside the other to form pairs:

for (int row = 1; row < 11; row++)
{
    for (char column = 'a'; column < 'k'; column++)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"The cell is ({row}, {column})");
    }
}

You can see that the outer loop increments once for each full run of the inner loop. Reverse the row and column nesting, and see the changes for yourself. When you're done, place the code from this section in a method called ExploreLoops().

Combine branches and loops

Now that you've seen the if statement and the looping constructs in the C# language, see if you can write C# code to find the sum of all integers 1 through 20 that are divisible by 3. Here are a few hints:

• The % operator gives you the remainder of a division operation.
• The if statement gives you the condition to see if a number should be part of the sum.
• The for loop can help you repeat a series of steps for all the numbers 1 through 20.

Try it yourself. Then check how you did. You should get 63 for an answer. You can see one possible answer by viewing the completed code on GitHub.

You've completed the "branches and loops" tutorial.

You can continue with the Arrays and collections tutorial in your own development environment.

You can learn more about these concepts in these articles:

• Selection statements
• Iteration statements