Create a console calculator in C++

The usual starting point for a C++ programmer is a "Hello, world!" application that runs on the command line. You'll start with that in this article, and then we move on to something more challenging: a calculator app.

Prerequisites

• Visual Studio with the Desktop development with C++ workload installed and running on your computer. To install it, see Install C++ support in Visual Studio.
• This tutorial demonstrates a feature called edit and continue which allows you to make changes to your code while the app is running. To enable edit and continue, from the main menu select Tools > Options > Debugging > General and ensure that Require source files to exactly match the original version is checked.

Create your app project

Visual Studio uses projects to organize the code for an app, and solutions to organize one or more projects. A project contains all the options, configurations, and rules used to build an app. It also manages the relationship between all the project's files and any external files. To create your app, first, create a new project and solution.

1. Start Visual Studio--the Visual Studio Start dialog box appears. Select Create a new project to get started.

   

   The dialog has options to clone a repository, open a project or solution, open a local folder, and create a new project."

2. In the list of project templates, select Console App, then select Next.

   

   Important

   Make sure you select the C++ version of the Console App template. It has the C++, Windows, and Console tags, and the icon has "++" in the corner.

3. In the Configure your new project dialog box, select the Project name text box, name your new project CalculatorTutorial, then select Create.

   

   An empty C++ Windows console application 'Hello World' app is created. Console applications use a Windows console window to display output and accept user input. In Visual Studio, an editor window opens and shows the generated code:

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   
   int main()
   {
       std::cout << "Hello World!\n";
   }
   
   // Run program: Ctrl + F5 or Debug > Start Without Debugging menu
   // Debug program: F5 or Debug > Start Debugging menu
   
   // Tips for Getting Started:
   //   1. Use the Solution Explorer window to add/manage files
   //   2. Use the Team Explorer window to connect to source control
   //   3. Use the Output window to see build output and other messages
   //   4. Use the Error List window to view errors
   //   5. Go to Project > Add New Item to create new code files, or Project > Add Existing Item to add existing code files to the project
   //   6. In the future, to open this project again, go to File > Open > Project and select the .sln file
   

Verify that your new app builds and runs

The template for a new Windows console application creates a simple C++ "Hello World" app. At this point, you can see how Visual Studio builds and runs the apps you create right from the IDE.

1. To build your project, select Build Solution from the Build menu. The Output window shows the results of the build process.

   

2. To run the code, on the menu bar, select Debug, Start without debugging (Ctrl+F5).

   

   A console window opens and then runs your app.

   When you start a console app in Visual Studio, it runs your code, then prints "Press any key to close this window . . ." to give you a chance to see the output.

   Congratulations! You created your first "Hello, world!" console app in Visual Studio!

3. Press a key to dismiss the console window and return to Visual Studio.

You now have the tools to build and run your app after every change, to verify that the code still works as you expect. Later, we show you how to debug it if it doesn't.

Edit the code

Now let's modify the code in this template to be a calculator app.

1. Replace the contents of the CalculatorTutorial.cpp file with the following code so that it matches this example:

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   
   using namespace std;
   
   int main()
   {
       cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
       cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b"
           << endl;
       return 0;
   }
   
   // Run program: Ctrl + F5 or Debug > Start Without Debugging menu
   // Debug program: F5 or Debug > Start Debugging menu
   // Tips for Getting Started:
   //   1. Use the Solution Explorer window to add/manage files
   //   2. Use the Team Explorer window to connect to source control
   //   3. Use the Output window to see build output and other messages
   //   4. Use the Error List window to view errors
   //   5. Go to Project > Add New Item to create new code files, or Project > Add Existing Item to add existing code files to the project
   //   6. In the future, to open this project again, go to File > Open > Project and select the .sln file
   

   Understanding the code:

   • The #include statements allow you to reference code located in other files. Sometimes, you may see a filename surrounded by angle brackets (<>); other times, it's surrounded by quotes (" "). In general, angle brackets are used when referencing the C++ Standard Library, while quotes are used for other files.
   • The using namespace std; line tells the compiler to expect stuff from the C++ Standard Library to be used in this file. Without this line, each keyword from the library would have to be preceded with std:: to denote its scope. For instance, without that line, each reference to cout would have to be written as std::cout. The using statement is added to make the code look more clean.
   • The cout keyword is used to print to standard output in C++. The << operator tells the compiler to send whatever is to the right of it to the standard output.
   • The endl keyword is like the Enter key; it ends the line and moves the cursor to the next line. It's a better practice to put a \n inside the string (contained by "") to do the same thing because endl always flushes the buffer which can hurt the performance of the program. But since this is a very small app, endl is used instead for better readability.
   • All C++ statements must end with semicolons and all C++ applications must contain a main() function. This function is what the program runs at the start. All code must be accessible from main() in order to be used.

2. To save the file, press Ctrl+S, or select the Save icon near the top of the IDE, the floppy disk icon in the toolbar under the menu bar.

3. To run the application, press Ctrl+F5 or go to the Debug menu and select Start Without Debugging. You should see a console window appear that displays the text specified in the code.

4. Close the console window when you're done.

Add code to do some math

A class is like a blueprint for an object that does something. In this case, we define a calculator class to contain the math logic.

Add a Calculator class

1. Go to the Project menu and select Add Class. In the Class Name edit box, enter Calculator. Select OK.

   

   The class name field is set to calculator. The .h file field contains Calculator.h. The .cpp file field contains Calculator.cpp. The base class field is empty. Other options for virtual destructor, inline, and unmanaged are unchecked.

   Two new files get added to your project. To save all your changed files at once, press Ctrl+Shift+S. It's a keyboard shortcut for File > Save All. There's also a toolbar button for Save All, an icon of two floppy disks, found beside the Save button. In general, it's good practice to do Save All frequently, so you don't miss any files when you save.

   The Add Class wizard creates .h and .cpp files that have the same name as the class. You can see a full list of your project files in the Solution Explorer window, visible on the side of the IDE. If the window isn't visible, you can open it from the menu bar: select View > Solution Explorer.

   

   The calculator tutorial project has a header files node containing Calculator.h. A Source Files node contains Calculator.cpp and CalculatorTutorial.cpp. Nodes for references, external dependencies, and resource files are visible but closed.

   You can open a file by double-clicking it in the Solution Explorer window. Double-click Calculator.h to open it.

2. Replace the contents of Calculator.h with the following code so that the file now looks like this:

   #pragma once
   class Calculator
   {
   public:
       double Calculate(double x, char oper, double y);
   };
   

   Understanding the code

   • This code declares a new function called Calculate, which we use to run math operations for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
   • C++ code is organized into header (.h) files and source (.cpp) files. Several other file extensions are supported by various compilers, but these are the main ones to know about. Functions and variables are normally declared, that is, given a name and a type, in header files, and implemented, or given a definition, in source files. To access code defined in another file, you can use #include "filename.h", where filename.h is the name of the file that declares the variables or functions you want to use.
   • It's good practice to organize your code into different files based on what it does, so it's easy to find the code you need later. In our case, we define the Calculator class separately from the file containing the main() function, but we plan to reference the Calculator class in main().

3. A green squiggle appears under Calculate because although the Calculate function is declared, it isn't defined. Hover over Calculate, click the down arrow on the screwdriver that appears, and select Create definition of 'Calculate' in Calculator.cpp.

   

   This code is added to Calculator.cpp:

   

   The definition of the constructor is: double Calculator::Calculate( double x, char oper, double y) { return 0.0; }

   Currently, it just returns 0.0. Let's change that.

4. Switch to the Calculator.cpp file in the editor window. Replace the contents of Calculator::Calculate(double x, char oper, double y) with:

   double Calculator::Calculate(double x, char oper, double y)
   {
       switch(oper)
       {
           case '+':
               return x + y;
           case '-':
               return x - y;
           case '*':
               return x * y;
           case '/':
               return x / y;
           default:
               return 0.0;
       }
   }
   

   Understanding the code

   • The function Calculate consumes a number, an operator, and a second number, then performs the requested operation on the numbers.
   • The switch statement checks which operator was provided, and only executes the case corresponding to that operation. The default: case is a fallback in case the user types an operator that isn't accepted, so the program doesn't break. In general, it's best to handle invalid user input in a more elegant way, but this is beyond the scope of this tutorial.
   • The double keyword denotes a type of number that supports decimals. This way, the calculator can handle both decimal math and integer math. The Calculate function is required to always return such a number due to the double at the very start of the code (this denotes the function's return type), which is why we return 0.0 even in the default case.
   • The .h file declares the function prototype, which tells the compiler upfront what parameters it requires, and what return type to expect from it. The .cpp file has all the implementation details of the function.

If you build and run the code again at this point, it will immediately exit after asking which operation to perform. So, modify the main function to do multiple calculations.

Call the Calculator class member functions

1. Update the main function in CalculatorTutorial.cpp as follows:

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   #include "Calculator.h"
   
   using namespace std;
   
   int main()
   {
       double x = 0.0;
       double y = 0.0;
       double result = 0.0;
       char oper = '+';
   
       cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
       cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b"
            << endl;
   
       Calculator c;
       while (true)
       {
           cin >> x >> oper >> y;
           result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y);
           cout << "Result " << "of " << x << oper << y << " is: " << result << endl;
       }
   
       return 0;
   }
   

   Understanding the code

   • Since C++ programs always start at the main() function, we need to call our other code from there, so a #include statement is needed.
   • Some initial variables x, y, oper, and result are declared to store the first number, second number, operator, and final result, respectively. It's always good practice to give them some initial values to avoid undefined behavior, which is what is done here.
   • The Calculator c; line declares an object named 'c' as an instance of the Calculator class. The class itself is just a blueprint for how calculators work; the object is the specific calculator that does the math.
   • The while (true) statement is a loop. The code inside the loop continues to execute over and over again as long as the condition inside the () holds true. Since the condition is simply listed as true, it's always true, so the loop runs forever. To close the program, the user must manually close the console window. Otherwise, the program always waits for new input.
   • The cin keyword is used to accept input from the user. This input stream is smart enough to process a line of text entered in the console window and place it inside each of the variables listed, in order, assuming the user input matches the required specification. You can modify this line to accept different types of input such as more than two numbers--though the Calculate() function would also need to be updated to handle this.
   • The c.Calculate(x, oper, y); expression calls the Calculate function defined earlier, and supplies the entered input values. The function then returns a number that gets stored in result.
   • Finally, result is printed to the console, so the user sees the result of the calculation.

Build and test the code again

Now test the program again to make sure everything works properly.

1. Press Ctrl+F5 to rebuild and start the app.

2. Enter 5+5, and press Enter. Verify that the result is 10.

   

   The app output the message: Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b. The user entered 5+5. The app output: Result of 5+5 is: 10

Debug the app

Since the user is free to type anything into the console window, let's make sure the calculator handles unexpected input. Instead of running the program, let's debug it so we can inspect what it's doing step-by-step.

Run the app in the debugger

1. In CalcuatorTutorial.cpp, set a breakpoint on the line: result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y);. To set the breakpoint, click next to the line in the gray vertical bar along the left edge of the editor window. A red dot appears.

   

   Now when we debug the program, execution pauses at that line. We already have a rough idea that the program works for simple cases. Since we don't want to pause execution every time we call Calculate(), let's make the breakpoint conditional.

2. Right-click the red dot that represents the breakpoint, and select Conditions. In the edit box for the condition, enter (y == 0) && (oper == '/'). Select the Close button to save the breakpoint condition.

   

   The condition for the breakpoint is: y==0 && oper == '/' Is true.

   Now, execution will pause at the breakpoint when the app tries to divide by 0.

3. To debug the program, press F5, or select the Local Windows Debugger toolbar button that has the green arrow icon. In your console app, if you enter something like "5 - 0", the program behaves normally and keeps running. However, if you type "10 / 0", it pauses at the breakpoint. You can put any number of spaces between the operator and numbers: cin is smart enough to parse the input appropriately.

   

Useful windows in the debugger

When you debug your code, you may notice that some new windows appear. These windows can assist your debugging experience. Take a look at the Autos window. The Autos window shows you the current values of variables used at least three lines before and up to the current line.

To see all of the variables from that function, switch to the Locals window. You can modify the values of these variables while debugging to see what effect they would have on the program. In this case, we leave them alone.

You can also hover over variables in the code to see their current values at the point where execution is currently paused. Make sure the editor window is in focus by clicking on it first.

Continue debugging

1. The yellow arrow on the left shows the current point of execution. The current line calls Calculate, so press F11 to Step Into the function. Now you're executing code in the body of the Calculate function. Be careful with Step Into because it steps into any functions on the line you're on, including standard library functions. It's fine to step into the standard library, but you may be more interested in focusing on your code instead of library code.

2. Now that the point of execution is at the start of the Calculate function, press F10 to move to the next line in the program's execution. F10 is also known as Step Over. You can use Step Over to move from line to line, without delving into the details of what is occurring in each part of the line. In general, you should use Step Over instead of Step Into unless you want to dive more deeply into code that is being called from elsewhere (as you did to reach the body of Calculate).

3. Continue using F10 to Step Over each line until you get back to the main() function in the other file, and stop on the cout line.

   The program is doing what's expected: it takes the first number, and divides it by the second. On the cout line, hover over the result variable or take a look at result in the Autos window. Its value inf, which doesn't look right, so let's fix it. The cout line just outputs whatever value is stored in result, so when you step one more line forward using F10, the console window displays:

   

   The app output: Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b. The user entered 5-0. The app output: Result is: 5. THe user entered 10/0. The app output: Result is: inf

   This result is because division by zero is undefined, so the program doesn't have a numerical answer for the requested operation.

Fix the "divide by zero" error

Let's handle division by zero more gracefully so that it's easier for the user to understand the problem.

1. Make the following changes in CalculatorTutorial.cpp. (You can leave the program running as you edit, thanks to a debugger feature called Edit and Continue). Add an if statement following cin >> x >> oper >> y; to check for division by zero and output a message to the user if it happens. Otherwise, the result is printed.

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   #include "Calculator.h"
   
   using namespace std;
   
   int main()
   {
       double x = 0.0;
       double y = 0.0;
       double result = 0.0;
       char oper = '+';
   
       cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
       cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b" << endl;
   
       Calculator c;
       while (true)
       {
           cin >> x >> oper >> y;
           if (oper == '/' && y == 0)
           {
               cout << "Attempted to divide by zero!" << endl;
               continue;
           }
           else
           {
               result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y);
           }
           cout << "Result " << "of " << x << oper << y << " is: " << result << endl;
       }
   
       return 0;
   }
   

2. Press F5 once. Program execution continues all the way until it has to pause to ask for user input. Enter 10 / 0 again. Now, a more helpful message is printed. The user is asked for more input, and the program continues executing normally.

   

   The console window displays two lines: 10 / 0 Result is: inf, followed by, 10 / 0 Math error: Attempted to divide by zero.

   Note

   When you edit code while in debugging mode, there is a risk of code becoming stale. This happens when the debugger is still running your old code, and has not yet updated it with your changes. The debugger displays a dialog to inform you when this happens. Sometimes, you may need to press F5 to refresh the code being executed. In particular, if you make a change inside a function while the point of execution is inside that function, you need to step out of the function, then back into it again to get the updated code. If that doesn't work and you see an error message, you can stop debugging by clicking on the red square in the toolbar under the menus at the top of the IDE, then start debugging again by entering F5 or by choosing the green "play" arrow beside the stop button on the toolbar.

   Another reason edit and continue may fail is if you see a message that says "The Require source files to exactly match the original version setting under Debug->Options->General needs to be enabled..." To fix this, from the main menu select Tools > Options > Debugging > General and ensure that Require source files to exactly match the original version is checked.

   Understanding the Run and Debug shortcuts

   • F5 (or Debug > Start Debugging) starts a debugging session if one isn't already active, and runs the program until a breakpoint is hit or the program needs user input. If no user input is needed and no breakpoint is available to hit, the program terminates and the console window closes itself when the program finishes running. If you have something like a "Hello World" program to run, use Ctrl+F5 or set a breakpoint before you press F5 to keep the window open.
   • Ctrl+F5 (or Debug > Start Without Debugging) runs the application without going into debug mode. This is slightly faster than debugging, and the console window stays open after the program finishes executing.
   • F10 (known as Step Over) lets you iterate through code, line-by-line, and visualize how the code is run and what variable values are at each step of execution.
   • F11 (known as Step Into) works similarly to Step Over, except it steps into any functions called on the line of execution. For example, if the line being executed calls a function, pressing F11 moves the pointer into the body of the function, so you can follow the function's code being run before coming back to the line you started at. Pressing F10 steps over the function call and just moves to the next line; the function call still happens, but the program doesn't pause to show you what it's doing.

Close the app

• If it's still running, close the console window for the calculator app.

The finished app

Congratulations! You completed the code for the calculator app, built and debugged it, and added it to a repo, all in Visual Studio.

Next steps

Learn more about Visual Studio for C++

The usual starting point for a C++ programmer is a "Hello, world!" application that runs on the command line. You start with that in this article, and then we move on to something more challenging: a calculator app.

Prerequisites

• Visual Studio with the Desktop development with C++ workload installed and running on your computer. To install it, see Install C++ support in Visual Studio.

Create your app project

Visual Studio uses projects to organize the code for an app, and solutions to organize one or more projects. A project contains all the options, configurations, and rules used to build an app. It also manages the relationship between all the project's files and any external files. To create your app, first, create a new project and solution.

1. On the menubar in Visual Studio, select File > New > Project. The New Project window opens.

2. On the left sidebar, make sure Visual C++ is selected. In the center, select Windows Console Application.

3. In the Name textbox at the bottom, name the new project CalculatorTutorial, then select OK.

   

   An empty C++ Windows console application 'Hello World' app is created. Console applications use a Windows console window to display output and accept user input. In Visual Studio, an editor window opens and shows the generated code:

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   
   int main()
   {
       std::cout << "Hello World!\n";
   }
   
   // Run program: Ctrl + F5 or Debug > Start Without Debugging menu
   // Debug program: F5 or Debug > Start Debugging menu
   
   // Tips for Getting Started:
   //   1. Use the Solution Explorer window to add/manage files
   //   2. Use the Team Explorer window to connect to source control
   //   3. Use the Output window to see build output and other messages
   //   4. Use the Error List window to view errors
   //   5. Go to Project > Add New Item to create new code files, or Project > Add Existing Item to add existing code files to the project
   //   6. In the future, to open this project again, go to File > Open > Project and select the .sln file
   

Verify that your new app builds and runs

The template for a new windows console application creates a simple C++ "Hello World" app. At this point, you can see how Visual Studio builds and runs the apps you create right from the IDE.

1. To build your project, select Build Solution from the Build menu. The Output window shows the results of the build process.

   

2. To run the code, on the menu bar, select Debug, Start without debugging (Ctrl+F5).

   

   A console window opens and then runs your app.

   When you start a console app in Visual Studio, it runs your code, then prints "Press any key to close this window . . ." to give you a chance to see the output.

   Congratulations! You created your first "Hello, world!" console app in Visual Studio!

3. Press a key to dismiss the console window and return to Visual Studio.

You now have the tools to build and run your app after every change, to verify that the code still works as you expect. Later, we show you how to debug it if it doesn't.

Edit the code

Now let's turn the code in this template to be a calculator app.

1. Replace the contents of the CalculatorTutorial.cpp file with the following code so that it matches this example:

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   
   using namespace std;
   
   int main()
   {
       cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
       cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b" << endl;
       return 0;
   }
   
   // Run program: Ctrl + F5 or Debug > Start Without Debugging menu
   // Debug program: F5 or Debug > Start Debugging menu
   // Tips for Getting Started:
   //   1. Use the Solution Explorer window to add/manage files
   //   2. Use the Team Explorer window to connect to source control
   //   3. Use the Output window to see build output and other messages
   //   4. Use the Error List window to view errors
   //   5. Go to Project > Add New Item to create new code files, or Project > Add Existing Item to add existing code files to the project
   //   6. In the future, to open this project again, go to File > Open > Project and select the .sln file
   

   Understanding the code:

   • The #include statements allow you to reference code located in other files. Sometimes, you may see a filename surrounded by angle brackets (<>); other times, it's surrounded by quotes (" "). In general, angle brackets are used when referencing the C++ Standard Library, while quotes are used for other files.
   • The using namespace std; line tells the compiler to expect stuff from the C++ Standard Library to be used in this file. Without this line, each keyword from the library would have to be preceded with std:: to denote its scope. For instance, without that line, each reference to cout would have to be written as std::cout. The using statement is added to make the code look more clean.
   • The cout keyword is used to print to standard output in C++. The *<< operator tells the compiler to send whatever is to the right of it to the standard output.
   • The endl keyword is like the Enter key; it ends the line and moves the cursor to the next line. It's a better practice to put a \n inside the string (contained by "") to do the same thing because endl always flushes the buffer and can hurt the performance of the program. But since this is a very small app, endl is used instead for better readability.
   • All C++ statements must end with semicolons and all C++ applications must contain a main() function. This function is what the program runs at the start. All code must be accessible from main() in order to be used.

2. To save the file, press Ctrl+S, or select the Save icon near the top of the IDE, the floppy disk icon in the toolbar under the menu bar.

3. To run the application, press Ctrl+F5 or go to the Debug menu and select Start Without Debugging. If you get a pop-up that says This project is out of date, you may select Do not show this dialog again, and then select Yes to build your application. You should see a console window appear that displays the text specified in the code.

   

   First a dialog box appears that asks whether to build because the project is out of date. The checkbox for 'Do not show this dialog again' is selected. 'Yes' is selected to build the project, the calculator project builds, and then launches in a Windows console window.

4. Close the console window when you're done.

Add code to do some math

A class is like a blueprint for an object that does something. In this case, we define a calculator class to contain the math logic.

Add a Calculator class

1. Go to the Project menu and select Add Class. In the Class Name edit box, enter Calculator. Select OK.

   

   A class is like a blueprint for an object that does something. In this case, we define a calculator and how it should work.

   Two new files get added to your project. To save all your changed files at once, press Ctrl+Shift+S. It's a keyboard shortcut for File > Save All. There's also a toolbar button for Save All, an icon of two floppy disks, found beside the Save button. In general, it's good practice to do Save All frequently, so you don't miss any files when you save.

   The Add Class wizard creates .h and .cpp files that have the same name as the class. You can see a full list of your project files in the Solution Explorer window, visible on the side of the IDE. If the window isn't visible, you can open it from the menu bar: select View > Solution Explorer.

   

   The calculator tutorial project has a header files node containing Calculator.h, stdafx.h, and targetver.h. A Source Files node contains Calculator.cpp, CalculatorTutorial.cpp, and stdafx.cpp. Nodes for references, external dependencies, and resource files are visible but closed.

   You can open a file by double-clicking it in the Solution Explorer window. Double-click Calculator.h to open it.

2. Replace the contents of Calculator.h with the following code so that the file now looks like this:

   #pragma once
   class Calculator
   {
   public:
       double Calculate(double x, char oper, double y);
   };
   

   Understanding the code

   • This code declares a new function called Calculate, which we use to run math operations for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
   • C++ code is organized into header (.h) files and source (.cpp) files. Several other file extensions are supported by various compilers, but these are the main ones to know about. Functions and variables are normally declared, that is, given a name and a type, in header files, and implemented, or given a definition, in source files. To access code defined in another file, you can use #include "filename.h", where filename.h is the name of the file that declares the variables or functions you want to use.
   • It's good practice to organize your code into different files based on what it does, so it's easy to find the code you need later. In our case, we define the Calculator class separately from the file containing the main() function, but we plan to reference the Calculator class in main().

3. A green squiggle appears under Calculate because although the Calculate function is declared, it isn't defined. Hover over Calculate, click the down arrow on the screwdriver that appears, and select Create definition of 'Calculate' in Calculator.cpp. A pop-up appears that gives you a peek of the code change that was made in the other file. The code was added to Calculator.cpp.

   

   Currently, it just returns 0.0. Let's change that. Press Esc to close the pop-up.

4. Switch to the Calculator.cpp file in the editor window. Replace the contents of the file with the following code:

   #include "Calculator.h"
   
   double Calculator::Calculate(double x, char oper, double y)
   {
       switch(oper)
       {
           case '+':
               return x + y;
           case '-':
               return x - y;
           case '*':
               return x * y;
           case '/':
               return x / y;
           default:
               return 0.0;
       }
   }
   

   Understanding the code

   • The function Calculate consumes a number, an operator, and a second number, then performs the requested operation on the numbers.
   • The switch statement checks which operator was provided, and only executes the case corresponding to that operation. The default: case is a fallback in case the user types an operator that isn't accepted, so the program doesn't break. In general, it's best to handle invalid user input in a more elegant way, but this is beyond the scope of this tutorial.
   • The double keyword denotes a type of number that supports decimals. This way, the calculator can handle both decimal math and integer math. The Calculate function is required to always return such a number due to the double at the very start of the code (this denotes the function's return type), which is why we return 0.0 even in the default case.
   • The .h file declares the function prototype, which tells the compiler upfront what parameters it requires, and what return type to expect from it. The .cpp file has all the implementation details of the function.

If you build and run the code again at this point, it will still exit after asking which operation to perform. Next, modify the main function to do some calculations.

Call the Calculator class member functions

1. Now let's update the main function in CalculatorTutorial.cpp:

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   #include "Calculator.h"
   
   using namespace std;
   
   int main()
   {
       double x = 0.0;
       double y = 0.0;
       double result = 0.0;
       char oper = '+';
   
       cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
       cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b" << endl;
   
       Calculator c;
       while (true)
       {
           cin >> x >> oper >> y;
           result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y);
           cout << "Result is: " << result << endl;
       }
   
       return 0;
   }
   

   Understanding the code

   • Since C++ programs always start at the main() function, we need to call our other code from there, so a #include statement is needed.
   • Some initial variables x, y, oper, and result are declared to store the first number, second number, operator, and final result, respectively. It's always good practice to give them some initial values to avoid undefined behavior, which is what is done here.
   • The Calculator c; line declares an object named 'c' as an instance of the Calculator class. The class itself is just a blueprint for how calculators work; the object is the specific calculator that does the math.
   • The while (true) statement is a loop. The code inside the loop continues to execute over and over again as long as the condition inside the () holds true. Since the condition is simply listed as true, it's always true, so the loop runs forever. To close the program, the user must manually close the console window. Otherwise, the program always waits for new input.
   • The cin keyword is used to accept input from the user. This input stream is smart enough to process a line of text entered in the console window and place it inside each of the variables listed, in order, assuming the user input matches the required specification. You can modify this line to accept different types of input such as more than two numbers--though the Calculate() function would also need to be updated to handle this.
   • The c.Calculate(x, oper, y); expression calls the Calculate function defined earlier, and supplies the entered input values. The function then returns a number that gets stored in result.
   • Finally, result is printed to the console, so the user sees the result of the calculation.

Build and test the code again

Test the program again to make sure everything works properly.

1. Press Ctrl+F5 to rebuild and start the app.

2. Enter 5+5, and press Enter. Verify that the result is 10.

   

Debug the app

Since the user is free to type anything into the console window, let's make sure the calculator handles unexpected input. Instead of running the program, let's debug it instead, so we can inspect what it's doing step-by-step.

Run the app in the debugger

1. In CalcuatorTutorial.cpp, set a breakpoint on the result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y); line. To set the breakpoint, click next to the line in the gray vertical bar along the left edge of the editor window. A red dot appears.

   

   Now when we debug the program, it always pauses execution at that line. We already have a rough idea that the program works for simple cases. Since we don't want to pause execution every time, let's make the breakpoint conditional.

2. Right-click the red dot that represents the breakpoint, and select Conditions. In the edit box for the condition, enter (y == 0) && (oper == '/'). Select the Close button when you're done to save the breakpoint condition.

   

   The breakpoint is on the line: result = c dot Calculate ( x, oper, y). 'Conditions...' is selected in the breakpoint dropdown, which opens the breakpoint settings window. The Condition option is checked, underneath which the dropdowns are set as: 'Conditional Expression' and 'Is true'. The user enters y == 0 && oper == '/' into the condition textbox and then selects close to set the conditional breakpoint.

   Now we pause execution at the breakpoint specifically if a division by 0 is attempted.

3. To debug the program, press F5, or select the Local Windows Debugger toolbar button that has the green arrow icon. In your console app, if you enter something like "5 - 0", the program behaves normally and keeps running. However, if you type "10 / 0", it pauses at the breakpoint. You can even put any number of spaces between the operator and numbers; cin is smart enough to parse the input appropriately.

   

   The user enters 5 - 0. The app outputs: Result is 5. The user then enters 10/0 and because the condition for the conditional breakpoint is met, execution stops on the line: result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y);

Useful windows in the debugger

When you debug your code, you may notice that some new windows appear. These windows can assist your debugging experience. Take a look at the Autos window. The Autos window shows you the current values of variables used at least three lines before and up to the current line.

To see all of the variables from that function, switch to the Locals window. You can modify the values of these variables while debugging, to see what effect they would have on the program. In this case, we leave them alone.

You can also hover over variables in the code itself to see their current values where the execution is currently paused. Make sure the editor window is in focus by clicking on it first.

Continue debugging

1. The yellow arrow on the left shows the current point of execution. The current line calls Calculate, so press F11 to Step Into the function, which takes you into the body of the Calculate function. Be careful with Step Into because it steps into any functions on the line you're on, including standard library functions. It's fine to step into the standard library, but you may be more interested in focusing on your code instead of library code.

2. Now that the point of execution is at the start of the Calculate function, press F10 to move to the next line in the program's execution. F10 is also known as Step Over. You can use Step Over to move from line to line, without delving into the details of what is occurring in each part of the line. In general you should use Step Over instead of Step Into, unless you want to dive more deeply into code that is being called from elsewhere (as you did to reach the body of Calculate).

3. Continue using F10 to Step Over each line until you get back to the main() function in the other file, and stop on the cout line.

   

   Each line of code in the Calculate function is stepped over until control returns to the main function. The user then hovers over the variable named result to see its value, which is: inf."

   The program is doing what's expected: it takes the first number, and divides it by the second. On the cout line, hover over the result variable or take a look at result in the Autos window. Its value is inf, which doesn't look right, so let's fix it. The cout line just outputs whatever value is stored in result, so when you step one more line forward using F10, the console window displays:

   

   The app output: Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b. The user entered 5-0. The app output: Result is: 5. THe user entered 10/0. The app output: Result is: inf

   This result is because division by zero is undefined, so the program doesn't have a numerical answer for the requested operation.

Fix the "divide by zero" error

Let's handle division by zero more gracefully so that it's easier for the user to understand the problem.

1. Make the following changes in CalculatorTutorial.cpp. (You can leave the program running as you edit, thanks to a debugger feature called Edit and Continue). The change is to add an if statement following cin >> x >> oper >> y; to check for division by zero and output a message to the user if it happens. Otherwise, the result is printed:

   // CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
   //
   
   #include <iostream>
   #include "Calculator.h"
   
   using namespace std;
   
   int main()
   {
       double x = 0.0;
       double y = 0.0;
       double result = 0.0;
       char oper = '+';
   
       cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
       cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b" << endl;
   
       Calculator c;
       while (true)
       {
           cin >> x >> oper >> y;
           if (oper == '/' && y == 0)
           {
               cout << "Division by 0 exception" << endl;
               continue;
           }
           else
           {
               result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y);
           }
           cout << "Result is: " << result << endl;
       }
   
       return 0;
   }
   

2. Press F5 once. Program execution continues all the way until it has to pause to ask for user input. Enter 10 / 0 again. Now, a more helpful message is printed. The user is asked for more input, and the program continues executing normally.

   

   Note

   When you edit code while in debugging mode, there is a risk of code becoming stale. This happens when the debugger is still running your old code, and has not yet updated it with your changes. The debugger pops up a dialog to inform you when this happens. Sometimes, you may need to press F5 to refresh the code being executed. In particular, if you make a change inside a function while the point of execution is inside that function, step out of the function, then back into it again to get the updated code. If that doesn't work for some reason and you see an error message, you can stop debugging by clicking on the red square in the toolbar under the menus at the top of the IDE, then start debugging again by entering F5 or by choosing the green "play" arrow beside the stop button on the toolbar.

   Another reason edit and continue may fail is that you need to go to the main menu and select Tools > Options > Debugging > General and ensure that Require source files to exactly match the original version is checked.

   Understanding the Run and Debug shortcuts

   • F5 (or Debug > Start Debugging) starts a debugging session if one isn't already active, and runs the program until a breakpoint is hit or the program needs user input. If no user input is needed and no breakpoint is available to hit, the program terminates and the console window closes itself when the program finishes running. If you have something like a "Hello World" program to run, use Ctrl+F5 or set a breakpoint before you press F5 to keep the window open.
   • Ctrl+F5 (or Debug > Start Without Debugging) runs the application without going into debug mode. This is slightly faster than debugging, and the console window stays open after the program finishes executing.
   • F10 (known as Step Over) lets you iterate through code, line-by-line, and visualize how the code is run and what variable values are at each step of execution.
   • F11 (known as Step Into) works similarly to Step Over, except it steps into any functions called on the line of execution. For example, if the line being executed calls a function, pressing F11 moves the pointer into the body of the function, so you can follow the function's code being run before coming back to the line you started at. Pressing F10 steps over the function call and just moves to the next line; the function call still happens, but the program doesn't pause to show you what it's doing.

Close the app

• If it's still running, close the console window for the calculator app.

Congratulations! You completed the code for the calculator app, and built and debugged it in Visual Studio.

Next steps

Learn more about Visual Studio for C++